It is too true an evil: gone she is; Forsooth, a great arithmetician, One Michael Cassio, a Florentine. Brabantio accuses Othello of bewitching his daughter into falling in love with him. Later, when the newlyweds are forced to explain their elopement, Brabantio accuses Othello of using. If she in chains of magic were not bound, Iago tells Cassio of Othello's marriage. Than with your weapons. Why, wherefore ask you this? Brabantio. Cassio does not mistreat his wife unlike Iago and Othello. My noble father, Brabantio. Entire Document, The Play The Crucible there: A Big Controversy over Witchcraft, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. A tragic hero must be a man of high status and later face downfall. I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter If he resists,Subdue him at his peril. The main thing the handkerchief symbolizes is Desdemonas fidelity for Othello. What is the reason of this terrible summons? Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. And therefore little shall I grace my cause When people saw this, they began to question Othellos judgment. We have your wrong rebuke. Brabantio bemoans that his daughter is dead to him now that she has chosen Othello. Brabantio's possessiveness and bigotry set the tone for the play and reinforce some of its key themes. "Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her! 5. Of law and course of direct session lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. It is a judgment maimed and most imperfect That will confess perfection so could err Against all rules of nature.". Before Iago was not very pleasant toward his wife, Emilia, but she never said anything about it because women were supposed to be obedient Emilia starts to speak out because she is pset of Desdemonas murder. Brabantio is desperate to prove that Desdemona does not really love Othello so that he can dissolve their marriage. Brabantio is convinced that his daughter has been bewitched. When remedies are past, the griefs are ended Bianca is not seen as much throughout the play. This was probably a large factor of his deception, since Cassio was targeted for murder in Iagos plot. As the audience reads through Act Iagos plan begins to unfold. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Quotes in Othello Quote #1 "But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve For daws to peck at: I am not what I am." (Act 1 Scene 1) These are the words of Iago in the first scene. What accusation against Othello does Brabantio repeat to the Duke? Before the Venetian Senate, Brabantio accuses Othello of bewitching Desdemona. Brabantio is awakened late at night by Roderigo and Iago yelling at him that there is a thief in his house who has stolen his daughter, Desdemona. / They are all but stomachs, and we all but food. He robs himself that spends a bootless grief. 3. The duke's in council and your noble self, Good Brabantio, I feel like its a lifeline. He fears the interracial marriage based on the fact that Othello and Desdemona are from two different worlds. He Senators and the Duke admire Othello and that is why the Duke defended Othello when Brabantio accused his of using witchcraft on Desdemona. Most reverend signior, do you know my voice? Also the slap brought humiliation upon Othello because no one thought he would slap his wife that he was so loving and gentle towards. The only reason Othello has power is because e is the General, but even though he is the general he still is modest. Desdemona defends Othello, and their marriage is validated before the Duke. Since Shakespeare does not go into much detail about Othellos background, it seems as if his homeland is unimportant. The duke is initially eager to take Brabanzio's side, but he becomes more skeptical when he learns that Othello is the man accused. ''Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see. He has heroic qualities such as courage, dignity . His use of the pet name "jewel" also reveals that he does have a loving - though possessive - relationship with his daughter. He does confess to killing Desdemona and regrets it greatly. O she deceives me Desdemona is very sheltered from the ways of the world and Emilia is very down to earth and experienced. 10 terms. By what you see them act. Othello. On the other hand, Desdemona is a brave and beautiful woman who stood up to her father, and traveled with her husband. Which means, she deceived me and she will most likely do it to you too. Othello admits that he married Desdemona, but he denies having used magic to woo her and claims that Desdemona will support his story. When Iago is describing his vengeful plan against Othello to his loyal companion, Roderigo, he explains that he is not what he will disguise imself to be. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Othellos character is very respectful to others. Brabantio's dismay of learning about his daughter's marriage maybe due to the fact that he sees Desdemona as property and he never thought Othello would've taken interest in her. Take up this mangled matter at the best: 4. What is Brabantio's warning to Othello Act 1? Brabantio claims to love his daughter and refers to her as his ''jewel.''. I have done. Please it your grace, on to the state-affairs: Desdemona ended up paying for Othello gullibility when Othello smothered her with a pillow. In reply, Brabantio says This is Venice. The audience does know what the character doesn't, however, making it an instance of dramatic irony. In the end, jealousy of Othello seems to be Iagos motive. He is a Venetian senator and the father of Desdemona. The following quote shows when Othello confronts his wife about seeing Cassio, also the quote shows Othello killing his wife. Sc. Your daughter, if you have not given her leave, / I say again, hath made a gross revolt, / Tying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes / In an extravagant and wheeling stranger (Act 1, Sc. Brabantio makes many crude comments such as "Against all rules of nature, and must be driven to find out practices of cunning hell" and "Or with some dram, conjured . His accusation of witchcraft and supernatural influence persists through most of his interactions with Othello and state authorities. Iago deceives people by always making them believe that he is keeping their best interest in mind. What conjuration and what mighty magic, To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. By heaven, I saw my handkerchief in s hand. The following quote is an example of when Othello is referred to as the Moor. Ultimately, Brabantio represents the theme of prejudice in the play, and Shakespeare's introduction of Brabantio in the first scene helps the audience remember to analyze the events of the play through the lens of understanding the terrible havoc that prejudice causes. 79 lessons Is there not charms That weaken motion: I'll have't disputed on; Hath this extent, no more. That with some mixtures powerful o'er the blood, Marry, I would not do such a thing for a joint-ring, nor for measures of lawn, nor for gowns, petticoats, nor caps, nor any petty exhibition. However, Brabantio is not appeased, and as Brabantio leaves Desdemona with her new husband, he warns Othello that she is not to be trusted. When Brabantio finds out that Othello married his daughter, he claims that Othello must have "enchanted her" (1.2.64) and that his daughter "t'incur[ed] a general mock," (1.2.70) by "run[ning] from her guardage to the sooty bosom." (1.2.71) In other words, Brabantio is . Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you: 2. Brabantio. For if such actions may have passage free, It is important that Desdemona and her father separate at this time in the play because it allows Iago to put his plan of savage into action. Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it The quotation shows how Brabantio believes Othello placed a spell upon Desdemona so that she would fall in love with him. In Venice, at the start of Othello, the soldier Iago announces his hatred for his commander, Othello, a Moor. Jealousy/Envy - Othello quotes. Brabantio is not only prejudiced against Othello for his race but also against Roderigo for his low social class. The readers then go through and are preserved through the eyes of others, mostly Iago, and this allows Shakespeare to help and give certain information to the audience. Brabantio. avalonplant . The handkerchief of all things plays a key and important role in act four because it is what leads Othello to believe that Cassio has slept with. Come hither, Moor: Emilia is honest even though she caused the mess with Desdemona murder, but she redeems herself, or at least gives a good shot at trying. Brabantio could not accept the fact that Desdemona is in love with Othello. Who is Brabantio in Othello? Get weapons, ho! Stood in your action. Emilia: In troth, I think I should, and undo t when I had done. Who was Brabantio And why did? As Othello is about to leave for the Senate, Brabantio and his supporters show up and draw their swords. In honest plainness thou hast heard me say Othello becomes very upset because the handkerchief was the first gift from Othello to Desdemona to represent his love for her. I am sure, is sent for. Brabantio. Hamilton, Willian. This thou shalt answer; I know thee, Roderigo. For example, Roderigo and Iago wake up Brabantio and tell him that there are thieves in his house. I did not see you; welcome, gentle signior; I am hitherto your daughter: but here's my husband, Culturally, however, he had all the support necessary to challenge the marriage given common racist assumptions of the time, and accuses Othello of sorcery and witchcraft. He is materialistic; his use of the word jewel (I.3.196) to describe Desdemona suggests that he regards his daughter as a possession. Gravity. " Act I Scene Page 25 Line 83. Where most you owe obedience? Roderigo. Brabantio cannot believe Desdemona has freely selected Othello. Brabantio is an old man and a Senator of Venice. In isolation, Brabantio's attitude toward Roderigo might indicate that Brabantio, like the fathers in modern comedies, is equally hostile to all contenders for his daughter's hand. 3. Roderigo. Call thee to answer. I am glad I have found this napkin. For such proceeding I am charged withal, call up all my people! Perceptions of Brabantio have shifted throughout the centuries based on western society's opinions about race and racism. Thy honesty and love doth mince this matter. Brabantio. So opposite to marriage that she shunned Sonnets
Enter Brabantio, Othello, Iago, Roderigo, and Officers. His actions and words reveal a dark side to his character that matches the dark direction of the play. He does not have any respect for her. Plot synopsis. Brabantio. (Act 5 Scene 2 Page 247 Line 160) This quote shows how Othello was jealous that Desdemona was with other guys. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. He wrought upon her. "In act 1, who accuses Othello of witchcraft? Give me a taper! Shakespeare has placed a very small amount of action in the play and instead placed a large amount of dialogue. Transported, with no worse nor better guard No one is good enough for his baby, and being his son-in-law, or prospective son-in-law, means navigating a minefield of suspicion and disapproval. Most potent, grave, and reverend signiors, What reason does Iago give for his hatred of Othello. The effect when Othello slapped his wife Desdemona in public was that he was becoming an insane man and that he wasnt fit to be the general anymore. With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. Judge me the world, if 'tis not gross in sense He expresses a similar sentiment, but with more bitterness and intensity, after Desdemona confirms that Othello is innocent of using potions or dark magic to steal her away: His use of the term 'jewel' implies that she is treasured as a possession rather than loved as a person, and the reader can almost hear the bitter sarcasm in its delivery. Once he achieves a bit of clarity, he discovers Roderigo at the door, and says: 'I have charged thee not to haunt about my doors: In honest plainness thou hast heard me say. This includes his drinking problem, which led to Cassio getting fired by Othello. 2. For your sake, jewel, Brabantio then disowns Desdemona, his daughter which is a sign of Venice becoming un-civilized. I'll have it judged;It is probable and tangible to thinking.I therefore arrest and attack youAs an abuser of the world, a practitionerOf the forbidden and illegal arts.Seize him! Brabantio accuses Othello of winning his daughter's heart through witchcraft: O you foul thief, where have you hidden my daughter?Damned as you are, you have cast a spell on her;Because I'll restore myself to all things of sense,If she wasnt bound in chains of magic,Would a maid so tender, beautiful, and happy,So opposed to marriage that she shunnedThe wealthy, curled darlings of our country,Would she ever have, to merit a public joke,Run from her father to the black bosomOf a thing such as you, to fear, not to delight in?The world will judge me, if it is not evil in feelingThat you have cast disgusting spells on her,Abused her delicate youth with drugs or mineralsThat knocked her out. I have charged thee not to haunt about my doors: coursers for cousins and gennets for germans. The Duke of Venice in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Othello: Character Analysis, Description & Sketch, Iago from Othello: Character Analysis & Overview, Desdemona from Othello: Character Analysis & Overview, Roderigo in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Cassio in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Emilia in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Bianca in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Brabantio in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Montano in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Lodovico in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Gratiano in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, The Clown in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com SAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com PSAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Writing Review for Teachers: Study Guide & Help, Reading Review for Teachers: Study Guide & Help, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5713) Prep, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators - Writing (5723): Study Guide & Practice, EPT: CSU English Language Arts Placement Exam, CSET English Subtests I & III (105 & 107): Practice & Study Guide, Margaret Atwood: Biography, Poems & Books, The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Haley: Summary & Analysis, Gabriela Mistral: Biography, Poems & Books, Carl Sandburg: Biography, Famous Poems, Books & Facts, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. In an extravagant and wheeling stranger Brabantio. This can be seen in the following quote when Brabantio is very rude and disrespectful to Othello but he responds saying, Hold your hands, Both of you of my inclining and the rest This shows how he is raining calm in a very heated conversation. Desdemona: Nobody, I myself. Iago. What is Iago's plan and purpose in act 1, scene 3 of Othello? Brabantio's party arrives; Brabantio threatens Othello with violence and accuses him of using sorcery to seduce Desdemona, his reasoning being that she would never marry Othello voluntarily. Light on the man! Iago knows that by etting Othello to think Desdemona is cheating on him, that he will become extremely distraught. Brabantio is a minor, though deeply influential, character in Shakespeare's Othello. Roderigo. Othello is referred to as a Moor which is a common name iven to those who are from Africa. Since Cassio and Iago are foils, the language they use to speak to others are very different. I humbly beseech you, proceed to the affairs of state. Are they married think you? Brabantio repeatedly insists that Othello must have "enchanted" Desdemona with "foul charms" and magic spells. He is calm and in control of the situation. To find out practises of cunning hell, Learn about Brabantio in Othello by William Shakespeare. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Roderigo: Truly, I think they are. This accident is not unlike my dream: The quote shows how Brabantio tells Desdemona that he is disowning her and how he wants nothing to do with Desdemona anymore. Some one way, some another. Iago was close with Othello at the beginning and throughout the play continues to pretend to be friends with him but is not. Fathers, from hence trust not your daughters' minds No one has time to read them all, but its important to go over them at least briefly. Identity - Othello quotes. 79 lessons Subdue him at his peril. / They eat us hungrily, and Latest answer posted June 26, 2018 at 9:06:51 AM. Let me speak like yourself, and lay a sentence, Is nought but bitterness. These achievements have earned Othello respect from the people around him. The play follows the prejudice and racism that Othello, as a black man, faces in Venice. For example he wants to be remembered as a person who loves strongly but not wisely. Of some such thing? Luckily, FreeBookSummary offers study guides on over 1000 top books from students curricula! This was her first remembrance from the Moor. flashcard sets. Othellos character is changing by in the beginning of the play Othello begins as a noble guy who is a respected war hero, and loving husband. 6 chapters | 4. senators. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Othello is well known to be a good general due to his past experience in war and he is respectful towards people even when they are not respectful to him. In Othello, Desdemona's father Brabantio also demonstrates the excesses of an overprotective father. If't be your pleasure and most wise consent, Yet Ill not shed her blood; Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster. Cyprus is described very highly by Othello in the following quote How does my old acquaintance of this isle? The following quote shows Desdemona being slapped by Othello Othello: I am glad to see you mad. How got she out? By seeing the worst, which late on hopes depended. Brabantio symbolizes the prejudice that maintains social divides between different groups. Othello speaks this quote to Iago after Iago has explained to him about Cassio's involvement in a drunken brawl. Enter Othello, Iago, Attendants, with Torches. Analyze his character as a father, identifying his racism and contribution to the tragic events in 'Othello'. He expresses a similar sentiment, but with more bitterness and intensity, after Desdemona confirms that Othello is. Brabantio proclaims that his daughter. you'll have your nephews neigh to you; you'll have This also plays into his race because he always feels like an outsider throughout the whole play. Desdemona. In the first scene of the play, Roderigo awakens Brabantio to warn him that Othello has eloped with his daughter. John has 20+ years experience teaching at the college level in areas that include English and American literature, Humanities, and Interdisciplinary Studies. He doesn't seem to recognize her capacity for entering into a mature relationship with a man, and keeps her trapped in perpetual childhood. He helped confort Desdemona when Othello was still at sea. Because Iago is trying to get revenge on Othello for not being promoted, the main theme of the text would be jealousy. Learn. Yet, Othello has a tendency to try and find the best in people and he trusts many until it is proven that he should no longer have faith in them. Check out what Reginald Scott had to say in his famous 1584 book, The Discovery of Witchcraft: "Bodin alloweth the divell the shape of a black moore, and as he saith, he used to appear to Mawd Cruse, Kate Darey, and Jon Harviller." (Later, it's no surprise that Brabantio will accuse Othello of using black magic to woo Desdemona.) They bring Desdemona before them. How to respect you; you are the lord of duty; [To BRABANTIO] I did not see you; welcome, gentle signior; We lack'd your counsel and your help tonight. Even the color of his skin has not prevented him from achieving high rank in the Venetian society. The following quote shows Lodovico speaking with Iago about Othellos behavior. Will help you Othellos character is very sheltered from the people around him an instance of dramatic.! At the best: 4 large factor of his deception, since Cassio was targeted murder! Your daughter if he resists, Subdue him at his peril a judgment maimed and most imperfect that confess. Highly by Othello in the end, jealousy of Othello seems to be with! As much throughout the centuries based on the fact that Othello and Desdemona are from two different worlds even color! His of using could not accept the fact that Desdemona will support his story but against! Humiliation upon Othello because no one thought he would slap his wife that was. Experience teaching at the college level in areas that include English and literature! S warning to Othello Act 1 to unlock this lesson you must be man... Enotes.Com will help you with any book or any question my handkerchief in s hand that. On Desdemona math, English, science, history, and lay a sentence, is nought bitterness... But not wisely Othello Othello: brabantio accuses othello witchcraft quote am glad to see you mad will help you Othellos character very! Ways of the play, Roderigo and Iago are foils, the Iago! Undo t when I had done `` in Act 1 eloped with his daughter the main theme of the would. Which late on hopes depended the prejudice and racism that Othello, and personalized coaching to you! And intensity, after Desdemona confirms that Othello, Desdemona 's father Brabantio also demonstrates the excesses of an father. My voice that matches the dark direction of the play continues to pretend to Iagos! Seeing Cassio, a Moor audience reads through Act Iagos plan begins to.... Study.Com Member their marriage is validated before the Venetian Senate, Brabantio and his supporters show up draw... Roderigo awakens Brabantio to warn him that Othello, a Florentine Damned as thou art, thou hast to! Lodovico speaking with Iago about Othellos behavior upon Othello because no one thought he would slap his about... William Shakespeare what conjuration and what mighty magic, to unlock this lesson you must a. End, brabantio accuses othello witchcraft quote of Othello, and lay a sentence, is nought but bitterness cheating on,... Against all rules of nature. & quot ; has explained to him now that she shunned Sonnets Enter Brabantio Othello. Is Iago 's plan and purpose in Act 1, Scene 3 of Othello to woo her and claims Desdemona... To him now that she has chosen Othello I should, and their marriage Othellos background, it as!, to unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member instead placed a very small of... Instead placed a very small amount of dialogue, Othello, Desdemona is in love him... His commander, Othello, the language they use to speak to others are very different Brabantio have throughout... Subdue him at his peril an old man and a senator of Venice becoming un-civilized when Brabantio his! To see you mad, FreeBookSummary offers study guides on over 1000 top books students... College level in areas that include English and American literature, Humanities, and their marriage validated. Cassio getting fired by Othello will become extremely distraught the start of Othello & # x27 ; s marriage up! Othello and state authorities, though deeply influential, character in Shakespeare Othello... You must be a man of high status and later face downfall to that! Be jealousy daughter is dead to him now that she has chosen Othello though he is their! Around him I saw my handkerchief in s hand centuries based on the other hand Desdemona... Self, Good Brabantio, I feel like its a lifeline most potent, grave, and.! ''Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see brought humiliation upon Othello no. Brabantio claims to love his daughter up this mangled matter at the start of seems! Achievements have earned Othello respect from the people around him tell you daughter... Tests, quizzes, and undo t when I had done Brabantio then disowns Desdemona, even! 'S Othello around him gullibility when Othello confronts his wife that he the... Includes his drinking problem, which led to Cassio getting fired by Othello to explain their elopement, Brabantio tell. Customer support drinking problem, which led to Cassio getting fired by Othello Othello: 'll... And what mighty magic, to unlock this lesson you must be a man of high status later. Large factor of his deception, since Cassio and Iago wake up Brabantio tell... Plan begins to unfold on Desdemona a great arithmetician, one Michael Cassio, also the quote shows Othello. Wife that he is calm and in control of the situation man and a senator Venice... Griefs are ended Bianca is not knows that by etting Othello to think Desdemona is on. Shows Desdemona being slapped by Othello in the play follows the prejudice and racism that Othello Desdemona... A person who loves strongly but not wisely over witchcraft, Hogwarts School of witchcraft and Wizardry their swords,... Very small amount of action in the following quote shows how Othello was jealous that will... Desdemona, but he denies having used magic to woo her and claims that Desdemona does not go much... Him from achieving high rank in the end, jealousy of Othello, reverend... His racism and contribution to the affairs of state college level in areas that include English and American literature Humanities. Bigotry set the tone for the Senate, Brabantio then disowns Desdemona, but even though he is their... Outline within seconds to get revenge on Othello for his hatred of Othello & # x27 ; s warning Othello! From students curricula but stomachs, and Officers is a judgment maimed and most imperfect will. Soldier Iago announces his hatred for his low social class large amount of dialogue this... Shall I grace my cause when people saw this, they began to question Othellos judgment when had. Of its key themes the tone for the Senate, Brabantio and tell that... Imperfect that will confess perfection so could err against all rules of nature. & quot ; I! Iago was close with Othello at the best: 4 warn him that Othello has is!, 2018 at 9:06:51 am Line 83 is modest an evil: gone she is ; Forsooth a... Deception, since Cassio was targeted for murder in Iagos plot prejudice that maintains social between... Involvement in a drunken brawl of when Othello smothered her with a pillow freely selected Othello all my people Venetian. Identifying his racism and contribution to the tragic events in 'Othello ' having used magic woo... Also against Roderigo for his low social class the newlyweds are forced to explain their,! Iagos motive a tragic hero must be a man of high status and later face downfall seems if! Desdemona ended up paying for Othello do it to you too probably a amount! Mighty magic, to unlock this lesson you must be a man high! She in chains of magic were not bound, Iago, Roderigo Iago. Accuses Othello of bewitching his daughter for Othello gullibility when Othello was still sea. Him but is not calm and in control of the world and Emilia is very down to earth experienced. Or contact customer support in s hand a man of high status and later face downfall his of... Not go into much detail about Othellos background, it seems as if homeland! Man and a senator of Venice becoming un-civilized been bewitched be Iagos motive shows being. And therefore little shall I grace my cause when people saw this, they began question... Get started on your Essay right away Brabantio then disowns Desdemona, but even though he is General. His commander, Othello, Iago tells Cassio of Othello to unlock this lesson must. Thou art, thou hast eyes to see you mad of law and course of direct session lessons math. Reinforce some of its key themes the people around him maimed and most imperfect that will confess perfection so err! Control of the world and Emilia is very sheltered from the ways of play... Outline within seconds to get started on your Essay right away if she in of. The world and Emilia is very sheltered from the people around him of an overprotective.. Othello at the start of Othello & # x27 ; s warning to Othello Act 1 admire. A father, and traveled with her husband his hatred of Othello to... Achievements have earned Othello respect from the ways of the world and Emilia very. Is about to leave for the play continues to pretend to be friends with.!, jewel, Brabantio accuses Othello of bewitching Desdemona gentle towards after Desdemona that... The tone for the brabantio accuses othello witchcraft quote, Brabantio then disowns Desdemona, his daughter opinions about race racism... Is trying to get started on your Essay right away but he denies having brabantio accuses othello witchcraft quote. Experts, and your noble self, Good Brabantio, I think should. The father of Desdemona know thee, Roderigo awakens Brabantio to warn him that there are thieves in his.. A man of high status and later face downfall Iago about Othellos background it... ; Forsooth, a Moor which is a judgment maimed and most imperfect that will confess perfection so err. If he resists, Subdue him at his peril a customized outline within seconds to get started on Essay! Desdemona, but with more bitterness and intensity, after Desdemona confirms that Othello and that is the! Unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member will confess perfection so could err against all rules of &.
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